Закон о прививках в сша

Что-то невероятное творится в украинском информационном пространстве с темой о прививках в последние дни! В моей ленте на Facebook по 10-15 постов в день. В комментариях ужас ужасный: «за», «против», «за, но не для нашего ребенка», «за, но не сейчас и не этой вакциной» и т.д.

Друзья и знакомые спрашивают: «А как у вас с прививками? А вы все делаете? А какая вакцина? А какие анализы сдаете?»

Итак, факты о том, как прививки происходят у нас (Нью-Йорк, США)

1) Мы приходим к нашему педиатру на плановый осмотр, и врач говорит: «Сегодня мы делаем такую вот прививку или вот такие комбинированные прививки. Жалоб относительно здоровья ребенка нет?»

2) Наш любимый доктор Вейнар делает прививку.

3) Рассказывает о возможных реакциях на прививку. Раньше ставил отметку в личной карточке, а теперь карточки электронные, поэтому сразу вносит данные туда и говорит, когда нужно делать следующие прививки. Желает хорошего дня.

Это все.

Вопрос, хочу ли я прививать ребенка, мне ни разу никто не задавал. Анализов никаких не делали. Вопросов о сроках годности, о составе, о производителе этих препаратов ни разу не задавала я. Мне это просто не приходило в голову.

Теперь о том, обязательны ли прививки. Речь идет исключительно о Нью-Йорке. Как дела в других штатах, я не знаю.

Вся информация по этому вопросу есть на сайте Департамента образования города Нью-Йорк. Для всех документов есть перевод на основные языки, которыми пользуются в мегаполисе (в том числе и русский).

Согласно закону штата Нью-Йорк об охране здоровья, все ученики муниципальных школ города Нью-Йорк должны пройти вакцинацию против таких заболеваний: дифтерия, коклюш, столбняк, корь, свинка (эпидемический паротит – ред.), краснуха, ветряная оспа, пневмококковая инфекция, гепатит В и гемофилический грипп. А с прошлого учебного года в этот перечень была добавлена обязательная прививка против менингококковой инфекции.

Календарь прививок в офисе нашего доктора

На сайте дается разъяснение, что научные исследования свидетельствуют о повышенной вероятности заражения непривитых учеников болезнями, которые можно предупредить вакцинацией. Поскольку ни одна вакцина не обладает стопроцентной эффективностью, отдельные привитые дети могут заразиться при контакте с ребенком, не прошедшим вакцинацию. Вспышки таких заболеваний в школах, где есть непривитые ученики, более вероятны.

«Если в вашей школе диагностирована любая болезнь, которую предупреждают вакцинацией, и против которой ваш ребенок не привит, Департамент здравоохранения имеет право не допускать ребенка в школу по меньшей мере до истечения одного инкубационного периода после выявления последнего случая заболевания. Так, в случае диагностики кори, непривитые ученики будут отстранены от занятий на весь срок вспышки и еще на 18 дней после обнаружения в школе последнего случая болезни», – написано в информационном письме для родителей.

Статья 2164 Закона о здравоохранении предусматривает следующие два основания для освобождения от обязательной иммунизации:

(1) Родители отказываются от вакцинации ребенка, так как это противоречит их религиозным убеждениям;

(2) Лицензированный в штате Нью-Йорк врач говорит, что вакцинация может пагубно сказаться на здоровье ребенка.

Отвод на основании религиозных верований

Для освобождения от прививок по религиозным причинам администрация школы может запросить от вас письменное обоснование ваших антипрививочных убеждений. Родители должны своими словами описать собственные религиозные принципы, входящие в противоречие с проведением вакцинации. Также необходимо указать, возражаете ли вы против всех прививок, и если нет, то объяснить религиозные основания отвода конкретной прививки.

Письмо от вас, вашего адвоката, священнослужителя или другого лица, которое голословно утверждает наличие такого убеждения, не является достаточным для получения освобождения.

Если на основании поданного вами обоснования невозможно вынести решение, Департамент образования в течение десяти учебных дней с момента получения письма может запросить от вас дополнительную документацию. Обращаем внимание, что Закон о здравоохранении не предусматривает освобождения на основании личных, моральных, этических, научных или философских убеждений.

Документация в подтверждение религиозных взглядов подается ответственному лицу в своей школе. Это лицо направляет ваше письмо и документацию в офис директора Департамента по здравоохранению и в Отдел школьного здравоохранения. После рассмотрения вашего запроса вы будете извещены о положительном или отрицательном решении.

Отвод по медицинским показаниям

Для освобождения по медицинским показаниям у вас могут потребовать заполненный лицензированным в штате Нью-Йорк врачом «Медицинский запрос об отводе вакцинации», что свидетельствует об опасности одной или более обязательных прививок для здоровья ребенка. Форма есть в школе. В запросе следует указать, какие именно прививки могут быть губительными и в течение какого срока. Предоставленная вами документация для подтверждения необходимости отвода по медицинским показаниям будет направлена школой на рассмотрение в Отдел школьного здравоохранения. Медицинский отвод не является постоянным и действует не более одного года с даты выдачи.

Свои опасения в связи с проведением обязательных прививок следует обсудить с врачом ребенка.

Резюме: если нет веских причин для того, чтобы получить отвод от вакцинации, ребенок отстраняется от посещения занятий в муниципальной школе.

И напоследок. Для родителей, которые не хотят вакцинировать своих детей школьного возраста, есть несколько вариантов:

1) Получить медицинский отвод от вакцинации или доказать, что вакцинация невозможна из-за религиозных взглядов;

2) Перевести ребенка на домашнее обучение (homeschooling) или самостоятельное обучение без занятий в классе. В случае самостоятельного обучения без посещения школы ребенок остается закрепленным за своей зональной школой, получает учебный план и задания и сдает ежегодные тесты. Лично знаю семью, где девочка таким образом учится дома уже второй год. Родители отказались делать прививки, и после нескольких напоминаний ребенок был отстранен от посещения школы.

Нашему сыну в декабре исполнилось 5 лет. Ни перед его рождением, ни после у нас даже не возникал вопрос о том, делать прививки или нет…

Иммунизационная карта, которая подается в школу перед началом учебного года. И информационное письмо из школы, которое мы получили через неделю после начала занятий, в котором указано, что система показывает, что у нашего сына нет ещё одной прививки против ветрянки.

опубликовано 17/01/2018 16:44

обновлено 18/11/2018

– Интересные письма, Мир детства

Источник

Vaccination Schedule 2015[1]

Vaccination policy in the United es is the subset of U.S. health policy that deals with immunization against infectious disease. It is decided at various levels of the government, including the individual es. This policy has been developed over the approximately two centuries since the invention of vaccination with the purpose of eradicating disease from the U.S. population, or creating a herd immunity. Policies intended to encourage vaccination impact numerous areas of law, including regulation of vaccine safety, funding of vaccination programs, vaccine mans, adverse event reporting requirements, and compensation for injuries asserted to be associated with vaccination.

Regulation of vaccine safety[edit]

The United es Food and Drug Administration has the ity to enforce the safety of vaccines. The FDA requires that all new vaccines first be tested in laboratory settings and on animals,[2] and must then carry out a series of increasingly stringent tests in human subjects.[3] Once vaccines are duced to the market, the FDA regularly inspects their production facilities, tests their quality, and receives reports of adverse reactions.

In the 2012 case of Coalition for Mercury-Free Drugs v. Sebelius,[4] the United es Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit held that opponents of thimerosal-preserved vaccines lacked standing to challenge determinations by the Food and Drug Administration that the vaccines and their components were safe and effective.[5][6] Kavanaugh’s opinion, joined by Judith W. Rogers and Stephen F. Williams, therefore rejected the challenge on standing grounds.[5] The court further found it irrelevant that thimerosal was included in some versions of mand vaccines, because it was possible for those seeking to avoid the ingredient to receive thimerosal-free vaccines.

Vaccination schedule and mans[edit]

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices makes scientific ations which are generally followed by the federal government, e governments, and private health insurance companies,[7] including making ations for the vaccination schedule used in the United es.

All 50 es in the U.S. man immunizations for children in order to enroll in public school, but the specific vaccines required differ from e to e and various exemptions are available depending on the e. All es have exemptions for people who have medical contraindications to vaccines, and all es except for California, Maine, Mississippi, New York, and West Virginia allow religious exemptions,[8] while sixteen es allow parents to cite personal, conscientious, philosophical, or other objections.[9] An increasing number of parents are using religious and philosophical exemptions: reers have cited this increased use of exemptions as contributing to loss of herd immunity within these communities, and hence an increasing number of disease outbreaks.[10][11][12]

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) advises physicians to respect the refusal of parents to vaccinate their child after adequate ion, unless the child is put at ificant risk of harm (e.g., during an epidemic, or after a deep and contaminated puncture wound). Under such circumstances, the AAP es that parental refusal of immunization constitutes a form of medical neglect and should be reported to e child protective services agencies.[13]

All vaccines ed by the U.S. government for its citizens are required for green card applicants.[16] This requirement stirred controversy when it was applied to the HPV vaccine in July 2008 due to the cost of the vaccine. In addition, the other thirteen required vaccines prevent highly contagious diseases communicable through the respiratory route, while HPV is only spread through sexual .[17] In November 2009, this requirement was canceled.[18]

Though the federal guidelines do not require written consent in order to receive a vaccination, they do require doctors give the recipients or legal representatives a Vaccine rmation ement (VIS). Specific rmed consent laws are made by the es.[19][20] Several es allow minors to legally consent to vaccination over parental objections under the mature minor doctrine.

School children[edit]

The United es has a long history of school vaccination requirements. The first school vaccination requirement was enacted in the 1850s in Massachusetts to prevent the spread of smallpox.[21] The school vaccination requirement was put in place after the compulsory school attendance law caused a rapid increase in the number of children in public schools, increasing the risk of smallpox outbreaks. The early movement towards school vaccination laws began at the local level including counties, cities, and boards of education. By 1827, Boston had become the first city to man that all children entering public schools show proof of vaccination.[22] In addition, in 1855 the Commonwealth of Massachusetts had established its own ewide vaccination requirements for all students entering school, this influenced other es to implement similar ewide vaccination laws in schools as seen in New York in 1862, Connecticut in 1872, Pennsylvania in 1895, and later the Midwest, South and Western US. By 1963, 20 es had school vaccination laws.[22]

These vaccination laws resulted in political debates throughout the United es as those opposed to vaccination sought to repeal local policies and e laws.[23] An example of this political controversy occurred in 1893 in Chicago, where less than 10 percent of the children were vaccinated despite the twelve year old e law.[22] Resistance was seen at the local level of the school district as some local school boards and superintendents opposed the e vaccination laws, leading the e board health inspectors to examine vaccination policies in schools. Resistance proceeded during the mid-1900s and in 1977 a nationwide Childhood Immunization Initiative was developed with the goal of increasing vaccination rates among children to 90% by 1979. During the two-year period of observation, the initiative reviewed the immunization records of more than 28 million children and vaccinated children who had not received the ed vaccines.[24]

In 1922, the constitutionality of childhood vaccination was examined in the Supreme Court case Zucht v. King.[25] The court ruled that a school could deny admission to children who failed to provide a certification of vaccination for the protection of the public health.[24] In 1987, a measles epidemic occurred in Maricopa County, Arizona and another court case, Maricopa County Health Department vs. Harmon, examined the arguments of an individual’s right to education over the es need to protect against the spread of disease. The court found it prudent to take action to combat the spread of disease by denying un-vaccinated children a place in school until the risk for the spread of measles had passed.[24] The Supreme Court has not since decided a vaccination man case, but noted in a subsequent case, Prince v. Massachusetts,[26] that the e had power over certain activities of children, including requiring that they be vaccinated.[27] The court in Prince said:

[T]he family itself is not beyond regulation in the public interest, as against a claim of religious liberty. And neither rights of religion nor rights of parenthood are beyond limitation. … Its ity is not nullified merely because the parent grounds his claim to control the child’s course of conduct on religion or conscience. Thus, he cannot claim freedom from compulsory vaccination for the child more than for himself on religious grounds. The right to practice religion freely does not include liberty to expose the or the child to communicable disease or the latter to ill health or death.[28]

Schools in the United es require an upd immunization record for all incoming and returning students. While all es require an immunization record, this does not mean that all students must get vaccinated. Exemptions are determined at a e level. In the United es, exemptions take one of three forms: medical, in which a vaccine is contraindicated due to a component ingredient allergy or existing medical condition; religious; and personal philosophical opposition. As of January 2021, 45 es allow religious exemptions, with some es requiring proof of religious membership. Until 2019, only Mississippi, West Virginia and California did not permit religious exemptions.[29] However, the 2019 measles outbreak led to the repeal of religious exemptions in the e of New York and for the MMR vaccination in the e of Washington. Prior to 2019, 18 es allowed personal or philosophical opposition to vaccination, but the measles outbreak also led to the repeal of these exemptions in a number of es. Five US es–Mississippi, West Virginia, California, Maine and New York–have eliminated religious and philosophical exemptions to school vaccination requirements.[9] Re studies have found a correlation between the rise of vaccine-preventable diseases and non-medical exemptions from school vaccination requirements.[30][31]

Mandatory vaccinations for attending public schools have received criticism. Parents say that vaccine mans in order to attend public schools prevent one’s right to choose, especially if the vaccinations could be harmful.[32] Some people believe that being forced to get a vaccination could cause trauma, and may lead to not seeking out medical care/attention ever again.[33] In the constitutional law, some es have the liberty to withdraw to public health regulations, which includes mandatory vaccination laws that threaten fines. Certain laws are being looked at for immunization requirements, and are trying to be changed, but cannot succeed due to legal challenges.[34] After California removed non-medical exemptions for school entrance, lawsuits were filed arguing for the right for children to attend school regardless of their vaccination history, and to suspend the bill’s implementation altogether. [34] However, all such lawsuits ultimately failed.[35]

Health care workers[edit]

Most es have some kind of requirement in place that at least some kinds of health care workers receive certain vaccinations intended to protect their patients from having communicable diseases passed to them through the health care workers. The vaccines at issue often include those for influenza, measles, hepatitis B for healthcare workers likely to be exposed to human blood, and rubella for healthcare workers likely to be in with pregnant women.

Military personnel[edit]

Judge’s cartoon of Rudyard Kipling’s famous poem “The White Man’s Burden” in 1899. The poem’s philosophy quickly was utilized to explain/justify the United es response to annexation of the Philippines. The United es used the “white man’s burden” as an argument for imperial control of the Philippines and Puerto Rico on the basis of moral necessity to ensure the spread of civility and modernity.

Immunizations are often compulsory for military enlistment in the U.S.[36] The United es has a very complex history with compulsory vaccination, particularly in enforcing compulsory vaccinations both domestically and abroad to protect American soldiers during s of war. There are hundreds of thousands of examples of soldier deaths that were not the result of combat wounds, but were instead from disease.[37] During the American Revolutionary War, General George Washington required American soldiers to undergo variolation for smallpox out of concern that the British, who had long engaged in that practice in their own military, would be able to use smallpox as a weapon against the Continental Army. Among wars with high death tolls from disease is the Civil War where an estimated 620,000 soldiers died from disease. American soldiers in other countries have spread diseases that ultimately disrupted entire societies and healthcare systems with famine and poverty.[38]

Spanish-American War[edit]

The Spanish-American War began in April 1898 and ended in August 1898. During this the United es gained control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines from Spain. As a military police power and as colonizers the United es took a very hands-on approach in administering healthcare particularly vaccinations to natives during the invasion and conquest of these countries.[37] Although the Spanish-American War occurred during the era of “bacteriological revolution” where knowledge of disease was bolstered by germ theory, more than half of the soldier casualties in this war were from disease.[37] Unknowingly, American soldiers acted as agents of disease transmission, fostering bacteria in their haphazardly made camps. These soldiers invaded Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines and connected parts of these countries that had never before been connected due to the countries sparse nature thereby beginning epidemics.[37] The mobility of American soldiers around these countries encouraged a newfound mobility of disease that quickly infected natives.

Military personnel used Rudyard’s Kipling’s poem “The White Man’s Burden” to explain their imperialistic actions in Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico and the need for the United es to help the “dark-skinned Barbarians”[37] reach modern sanitary standards. American actions abroad before, during, and after the war emphasized a need for proper sanitation habits especially on behalf of the natives. Natives who refuse to oblige with American health standards and procedures risked fines or imprisonment.[37] One penalty in Puerto Rico included a $10 fine for a failure to vaccinate and an additional $5 fine for any day you continue to be unvaccinated, refusal to pay resulted in ten or more days of imprisonment. If entire villages refused the army’s current sanitation policy at any given they risked being burnt to the ground in order to preserve the health and safety of soldiers from endemic smallpox and yellow fever.[37] Vaccines were forcibly administered to the Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and Filipinos. Military personnel in Puerto Rico provided Public Health services that culminated in military orders that mand vaccinations for children before they were six months old, as well as a general vaccination order.[37] By the end of 1899 in Puerto Rico alone the U.S. military and other hired native vaccinators called practicantes, vaccinated an estimated 860,000 natives in a five-month period. This period began the United es’ movement toward an expansion of medical practices that included “tropical medicine” in an attempt to protect the lives of soldiers abroad.[37]

Adverse event reporting[edit]

There are several programs for monitoring the safety of vaccines in the United es. Chief among these is the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), which is co-managed by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). VAERS is a postmarketing surveillance program, collecting rmation adverse events (possible harmful side effects) that occur after administration of vaccines to ascertain whether the risk-benefit ratio is high enough to justify continued use of any particular vaccine. In addition to VAERS, the Vaccine Safety Data, and the Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA) Network are tools by which the CDC and FDA measure vaccine safety.[39]

Vaccine injury compensation[edit]

The National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP or NVICP) was established pursuant to the 1986 National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (NCVIA), passed by the United es Congress in response to a threat to the vaccine supply due to a 1980s scare over the DPT vaccine. Despite the belief of most public health officials that claims of side effects were unfounded, large jury awards had been given to some plaintiffs, most DPT vaccine makers had ceased production, and officials feared the loss of herd immunity.[40] The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services set up the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP) in 1988 to compensate individuals and families of individuals injured by covered childhood vaccines.[41]

The Office of Special Masters of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims, popularly known as “vaccine court”, administers a no-fault system for litigating vaccine injury claims. These claims against vaccine manufacturers cannot normally be filed in e or federal civil courts, but instead must be heard in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims, sitting without a jury.[40] Compensation covers medical and legal expenses, loss of future earning capacity, and up to $250,000 for pain and suffering; a death benefit of up to $250,000 is available. If certain minimal requirements are met, legal expenses are compensated even for unsuccessful claims.[42] Since 1988, the program has been funded by an excise tax of 75 cents on every purchased dose of covered vaccine. To win an award, a claimant must have experienced an injury that is named as a vaccine injury in a table included in the law within the required period or show a causal connection. The burden of proof is the civil law preponderance-of-the-evidence standard, in other words a showing that causation was more likely than not. Denied claims can be pursued in civil courts, though this is rare.[40]

The VICP covers all vaccines listed on the Vaccine Injury Table maintained by the Secretary of Health and Human Services; in 2007 the list included vaccines against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), measles, mumps, rubella (German measles), polio, hepatitis B, varicella (chicken pox), Haemophilus influenzae type b, rotavirus, and pneumonia.[43] From 1988 until 8 January 2008, 5,263 claims relating to autism, and 2,865 non-autism claims, were made to the VICP. 925 of these claims, one autism- (see previous rulings), were compensated, with 1,158 non-autism and 350 autism claims dismissed; awards (including attorney’s fees) totaled $847 million.[44] As of October 2019, $4.2 Billion in compensation (not including attorneys fees and costs) has been awarded over the forty-three year history of the program.[45]

References[edit]

1. ^ “Immunization Schedules”. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
2. ^ 21 CFR 312.23(a)(8).
3. ^ Abramson, Brian Dean (2019). “2”. Vaccine, Vaccination, and Immunization Law. Bloomberg Law. p. 11.
4. ^ 671 F.3d 1275 (D.C. Cir. 2012).
5. ^ a b Nielson, Aaron (August 14, 2018). “Judge Kavanaugh and justiciability”. SCOTUSblog.
6. ^ “Group Must Petition Congress, Not Court, To Remove Mercury Preservative in Vaccines”. Bloomberg Law, United es Law Week. March 20, 2012.
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